Established in 1975 within the city of Aktau, formerly known as Shevchenko, the museum holds a significant place in the cultural landscape of the Mangystau region. Its inception coincided with the formation of the Mangystau region in 1973, making it the administrative center of this newly established region.

Over the years, the museum has evolved and expanded its reach, currently overseeing four branches: the Mangistau Regional Museum of Local Lore, the Zhanaozen City Museum, the Tupkaragan District Museum, and the Beineu District Museum. These branches collectively contribute to preserving and showcasing the rich heritage and history of the region, offering insights into its past and cultural diversity.